Repair, don’t throw away: All you need to know about the right to repair
When an electrical appliance breaks down, it is often easier and cheaper to replace it than to get it repaired. However, this is set to change.
To conserve resources and achieve the European Green Deal’s goal of climate neutrality in the EU by 2050, the European Union is promoting repairs and making them more attractive.
An EU directive on the right to repair has been in place since July 2024. For consumers to actually see a change, however, the directive must first be transposed into national law.
Summary:
- 77 percent of EU citizens would rather repair their electrical appliances than throw them away. (Eurobarometer survey).
- The directive introduces new obligations for sellers, manufacturers and importers.
- We explain what applies within legal warranty and afterwards.
- The aim is to simplify repairs through a European online portal for repair shops and a standardised repair form.
- We also demonstrate how EU countries are already promoting repairs.
What applies to products covered by the statutory warranty?
Repair before replacement
For goods purchased in the EU that show a defect within two years of purchase, the buyer can demand that the seller repair or replace the goods under the legal warranty. If neither is possible, the buyer can demand a refund of the purchase price.
The new directive states that if the consumer opts for a repair, the warranty is extended by a further twelve months.
Replacement remains an option, but the directive clearly favours repair.
What applies after the warranty has expired?
Manufacturer’s repair obligation
Going forward, the manufacturer will be required to repair defective devices outside of the warranty period.
If the manufacturer is not based in the EU, this obligation transfers to the importer.
However, this only applies to product categories for which there are specific ecodesign regulations. Another prerequisite is that the device can actually be repaired.
Product groups covered (with respective Ecodesign Regulations)
- Household washing machines and washer-dryers – (EU) 2019/2023
- Household dishwashers – (EU) 2019/2022
- Refrigerating appliances – (EU) 2019/2021
- Electronic displays (e.g. monitors and televisions) – (EU) 2019/2021
- Welding equipment – (EU) 2019/1784
- Vacuum cleaners – (EU) No 666/2013
- Servers and data storage devices – (EU) 2019/424
- Mobile phones, cordless phones and tablets – (EU) 2023/1670
- Houshold tumble dryers – (EU) 2023/2533
- Batteries for light transport equipment – (EU) 2023/1542
Duration of the repair obligation
The exact duration of the repair obligation has not yet been determined. Depending on the product group, it is expected to range from five to ten years.
The purchaser must bear the repair costs; however, these must not be unreasonably high.
Not permitted
Manufacturers may not use any contractual clauses, software or hardware that hinder repairs.
Other innovations for consumers
To make it easier for consumers to find a repair shop, there will be a European online platform where they can find repair shops and repair cafés.
Finally, a standardised European form will be introduced to inform consumers about the price and conditions of the repair and to promote competition. The repairer will be free to hand out the form before the repair.
When will the rules come into force?
Member States must transpose the Directive into national law by 31 July 2026.
Assessment by the European Consumer Centre (ECC) Germany
The directive is an important step towards the ‘right to repair’.
However, the repair obligation outside the warranty period only applies to products covered by separate ecodesign regulations.
Many everyday appliances, such as coffee machines, toasters and headphones, are not covered by these regulations.
This disadvantages both consumers and the environment.
New EU standard: Mandatory label for the repairability of smartphones and tablets
New rules came into force across the EU on 20 June 2025 for smartphones and tablets placed on the EU market for the first time on or after this date.
The core element is the EU energy label for smartphones and tablets (including repairability information), which provides information on repairability, water and dust protection, battery quality, and software support duration.
The most important requirements
- Manufacturers must have spare parts available for at least seven years after a product is discontinued, and must be able to deliver them within five to ten working days.
- Software updates (operating system and security updates) must be provided for at least five years, with no later than a six-month timeframe after release.
- Batteries must withstand at least 800 charging cycles and retain at least 80 percent of their capacity (with exceptions for specially protected devices).
- Independent repair shops must be granted access to the necessary technical information and repair software.
- Devices must pass drop tests and meet additional environmental requirements in future.
Exceptions include devices with rollable displays and tablets with Windows operating systems.
Important: Older model series must also meet the requirements if they are brought back onto the market after 20 June 2025.
Stock already on the market before this date is exempt.
Tip: Look for the new EU label when buying, as this helps you identify durable and repair-friendly devices.
Belgium has reduced the VAT rate on small repairs to bicycles, shoes, leather goods, clothing and household linen to 6 percent.
Germany has implemented the Ecodesign Directive, which requires the delivery of spare parts within a certain period of time.
Consumers must also be informed at the time of purchase about what defects can occur in the product, whether and how the product can be repaired and how much the repair will cost.
Retailers are obliged to recycle more, produce less waste and take back old electronic equipment under certain conditions.
They are also not allowed to destroy returned products that are almost as good as new.
The Finnish Consumer Protection Act considers a product to be defective if its life is shorter than could reasonably be expected.
The trader may therefore be obliged to repair the product even several years after it has been sold.
This measure encourages him to keep spare parts available for a relatively long time.
Obligation to provide information on the availability of spare parts
From 2022, sellers are obliged to provide information on the (non-)availability of spare parts. If no information is given, it is assumed that the spare parts are not available. The consumer can then make his purchase decision on this basis.
The manufacturer or importer has 15 days to supply the spare parts. For certain electronic and electrical products, spare parts must be available for at least 5 years from the date the product was placed on the market.
Second-hand spare parts may be used to repair certain electronic and electrical products.
Any action, including software, that makes it impossible to repair or recondition a device by a repairer other than one authorised by the brand is prohibited.
Any business conduct that restricts a repairer’s access to spare parts, manuals, technical information or other tools, equipment or software that enable the product to be repaired is prohibited.
In practice, it is the manufacturer or importer who must provide information on the availability of spare parts. This obligation only applies to purchases in shops, not to online purchases.
Mandatory repairability index
From 1 January 2021, a repairability index will be mandatory for five groups of household and electronic products (washing machines with portholes, smartphones, laptops, televisions, electric lawnmowers).
This index provides information on the repairability of the product.
Whether you buy these products in a shop in France or on the Internet, the repairability index must be displayed on the product or its packaging and at the point of sale, or next to the price if it is sold online, on a French or foreign website if it is aimed at French consumers.
Specifically, it is a uniform coloured pictogram with a rating from 1 to 10. A rating of 1 means that your appliance is difficult to repair, while a rating of 10 means that the appliance is easy to repair.
The index is calculated according to a scheme laid down by the relevant ministry: Availability of spare parts and documentation (e.g. technical manual), delivery time of spare parts, their price in relation to the selling price of the product, ease of disassembly, etc.
Good to know: The manufacturer or importer assigns this index and communicates it to the salesperson, who in turn must inform the customer.
The accuracy of the assigned grade can be verified by the competent authorities.
The Repair Index will soon be extended to other product categories and, from 2024, will be developed into a Sustainability Index, taking into account new criteria such as the robustness or reliability of products.
Visibility of repairers
The French ministry responsible has a website where you can find a professional who will repair, recycle, buy back or offer another solution to extend the life of products.
The website also offers practical tips on responsible shopping, tools or items to share with your neighbours, and much more.
Warranty extension
To encourage the repair rather than replacement of defective products, the limitation period for statutory warranty rights is suspended while your product is being repaired, or extended by 6 months if you choose to have it repaired.
If the seller replaces the appliance instead of repairing it as you requested, the period of validity of the warranty rights is even extended by 2 years.
Prohibition of planned obsolescence
Planned obsolescence is defined as “the use of techniques by which the person responsible for placing a product on the market deliberately seeks to shorten its life in order to increase the rate of replacement” (Article L.441-2 of the Consumer Code).
Also prohibited in France are:
- any technique, including software, intended to make it impossible to repair or repackage an appliance (Article L.441-3 of the Consumer Code)
- any agreement or practice aimed at restricting a repairer’s access to spare parts, instructions for use, technical information or any other instrument, device or software enabling products to be repaired” (Article L. 441-4 of the Consumer Code).
Planned obsolescence is considered a deception punishable by up to two years’ imprisonment and a €300,000 fine (article L 454-6 of the Consumer Code).
To limit the planned obsolescence of equipment, particularly smartphones, you need to know how long your device can withstand successive updates.
Creation of a repair fund
In order to reduce the amount of repair costs borne by consumers, France intends to set up a repair fund financed by the polluter-pays principle.
To this end, manufacturers will have to join the so-called “ecological organisation” and pay a sum of money to it.
This amount will be paid into a fund that will finance 10 percent of the cost of repairs carried out by certified professionals.
Consumers therefore pay a little less for the repair of their defective product, which is no longer covered by the legal warranty because the time limit has expired.
The repairer will have to arrange for this 10 percent to be paid from the fund.
The fund is to be set up by the end of 2022 and will initially be available for the repair of electrical and electronic equipment.
The seller must ensure that spare parts are available for the estimated lifetime of the product.
There is no obligation to provide information on the availability of spare parts, but the seller must inform the consumer if the goods are no longer manufactured.
In Ireland, sellers are not obliged to inform consumers about the availability of spare parts.
However, if the seller indicates in the offer, advertisement or description of the product that spare parts and adequate after-sales service will be available for a certain period, the consumer may rely on this.
The VAT rate for small repairs to bicycles, shoes, leather goods, clothing and household linen has been reduced to 13.5 percent.
Croatia has transposed the Ecodesign Directive, which requires the supply of spare parts within a certain period.
The seller must provide spare parts for technical products and vehicles for the duration of the manufacturer’s warranty.
Luxembourg has reduced the VAT rate to 8 percent for small repairs to bicycles, shoes, leather goods, clothing and household linen.
If products require servicing or parts replacement in Malta, this must be done within a reasonable time from the date of delivery.
Malta also applies a reduced VAT rate of 5 percent on small repairs to bicycles, shoes, leather goods, clothing and household linen.
The Netherlands has reduced the VAT rate on small repairs to bicycles, shoes, leather goods, clothing and household linen to 9 percent.
To fight e-waste, Austria has introduced repair vouchers.
Consumers who want to have their old appliances (including smartphones) repaired can obtain these vouchers, which cover half of the repair costs up to a maximum of 200 euros.
Depending on the product (washing machines, refrigerators, monitors, etc.), Poland has introduced a right to repair with a replacement obligation for 7 to 10 years from 1 April 2021.
Poland also applies a reduced VAT rate of 8 percent on small repairs to bicycles, shoes, leather goods, clothing and household linen.
The manufacturer is obliged to supply spare parts for 10 years from the date of placing on the market.
Portugal applies a reduced VAT rate of 6% to small repairs of bicycles, shoes, leather goods, clothing and household linen.
The manufacturer must provide spare parts for the estimated lifetime of the product.
In Slovenia, when a contract is concluded for certain technical goods, the seller must provide a special guarantee which includes instructions for assembly and use and obliges him to ensure that defects are repaired free of charge during the guarantee period.
The manufacturer must also repair the products and supply spare parts against payment for at least three years after the end of the warranty period.
This after-sales service may be provided by the manufacturer itself or by a third party.
Finally, Slovenia applies a reduced VAT rate of 9.5 percent to small repair services for bicycles, shoes, leather goods, clothing and household linen.
Manufacturers must provide spare parts and technical service for 10 years after the product has been discontinued.
Sweden has reduced VAT on the repair of bicycles, shoes, leather goods, clothing and household linen from 25 to 12 percent.
For large electrical appliances, craftsmen are allowed to offer repairs at 50 percent below the actual cost, with the difference paid by the state.
Swedish consumers can also receive a 50 percent tax reduction if they can prove that they have carried out repairs to clothing, curtains and bed linen, as well as repairs, installation or maintenance of IT equipment (computers, tablet PCs, game consoles, TVs, smartphones) at home, and updates or installation of operating systems and computer programs.
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